H.B. 5060: ENROLLED ANALYSIS SCHOOLS: JOB APPLICANTS DISCLOSURES
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House Bill 5060 (as enrolled) PUBLIC ACT 189 of 1996
Sponsor: Representative Harold S. Voorhees House Committee: Education
Senate Committee: Education
Date Completed: 6-25-96
In a number of cases that have occurred in recent years, school districts signed confidential settlements with school personnel who were accused of unprofessional conduct, including sexual activity with students. Under these agreements, the employees were allowed to leave the districts rather than be fired and face charges, and the school districts were prohibited from revealing to anyone, including other school districts, the allegations against the employees. These agreements, according to some school officials, are effective ways to remove the alleged perpetrators from the classrooms. Some people believe, however, that this practice puts children at risk, and that school districts and school personnel should be prohibited from entering into agreements that suppress information about an employee s unprofessional conduct.
The bill amended the Revised School Code to require public and nonpublic schools, public school academies, and intermediate school districts (ISDs) to request an applicant for employment to sign a statement authorizing the applicant s current or former employer to disclose any unprofessional conduct by the applicant and to make available documents relating to that conduct. The bill also does the following:
-- Prohibits the board or governing body of a public or nonpublic school, public school academy, or ISD from hiring an applicant who does not sign the disclosure statement.
-- Specifies that the information received under the bill may be used only for
evaluating an applicant s qualifications for employment.
-- Establishes misdemeanor penalties for school board members or school employees who disclose this information to a person not directly involved in evaluating an applicant s qualifications for employment.
-- Prohibits a school board or school official from entering into an agreement with an employee or former employee that suppresses information about unprofessional conduct.
The bill defines unprofessional conduct as one or more acts of misconduct, one or more acts of immorality, moral turpitude, or inappropriate behavior involving a minor, or commission of a crime involving a minor. A criminal conviction is not an essential element of determining whether a particular act constitutes unprofessional conduct.
Before receiving an application for employment, a school district, local act school district, public school academy, ISD, or nonpublic school must request the applicant for employment to sign, as part of the application, a statement that does both of the following:
-- Authorizes the applicant s current or former employer(s) to disclose to the school district, local act school district, public school academy, ISD, or nonpublic school any unprofessional conduct by the applicant and to make available to that entity copies of all documents in the employee s personnel record maintained by the current or former employer relating to that unprofessional conduct.
-- Releases the current or former employer, and employees acting on behalf of that employer, from any liability for providing the above information, as described in the bill, and waives any written notice required under the Employee Right to Know Act (which prohibits an employer or former employer from divulging a disciplinary report, letter of reprimand, or other disciplinary action to a third party, without written notice as provided in the Act).
The board or governing body of a school district, local act school district, public school academy, ISD, or nonpublic school may not hire an applicant who does not sign the disclosure statement.
Before hiring an applicant for employment, a school district, local act school district, public school academy, ISD, or nonpublic school must request at least the applicant s current employer or, if the applicant is not currently employed, his or her immediately previous employer to provide the information on unprofessional conduct, if any. The request must include a copy of the required disclosure statement.
Within 20 business days after receiving a request for this information, an employer must provide the requested information and make available to the requesting school copies of all documents relating to the unprofessional conduct. An employer, or an employee acting on behalf of the employer, that discloses information under these provisions in good faith is immune from civil liability for the disclosure. An employer, or an employee acting on behalf of the employer, is presumed to be acting in good faith at the time of a disclosure under this provision unless a preponderance of the evidence establishes one or more of the following: that the employer, or employee, knew that the disclosed information was false or misleading; that the employer, or employee, disclosed the information with a reckless disregard for the truth; or that the disclosure was specifically prohibited by a State or Federal statute.
Information received under the bill may be used by a school district, public school academy, ISD, or nonpublic school only for evaluating an applicant s qualifications for employment in the position for which he or she has applied. Except as otherwise provided by law, a board member or employee of a school district, public school academy, ISD, or nonpublic school may not disclose the information to any person, other than the applicant, who is not directly involved in the process of evaluating the
applicant s qualifications for employment. A person who violates this provision is guilty of a misdemeanor punishable by a fine of up to $10,000, but is not subject to penalties for neglecting or refusing to perform an act required in the Code. (Under the Code, a school official or member of a school board or ISD board or other person who neglects or refuses to perform an act required by the Code, or who violates or knowingly permits or consents to a violation of the Code, is guilty of a misdemeanor punishable by a fine of up to $500 and/or imprisonment for up to three months.)
The board or an official of a school district, local act school district, public school academy, ISD, or nonpublic school may not enter into a collective bargaining, individual employment contract, resignation agreement, severance agreement, or any other contract agreement that has the effect of suppressing information about unprofessional conduct of an employee or a former employee or of expunging information about that unprofessional conduct from personal records. Any provision of a contract agreement that is contrary to this provision is void and unenforceable. The bill specifies that this provision does not restrict the expungement from a personnel file of information about alleged unprofessional conduct that has not been substantiated.
The bill specifies that it does not prevent a school district, local act school district, public school academy, ISD, or nonpublic school from requesting or requiring an applicant for employment to provide information other than that described in the bill.
MCL 380.1230b
(Please note: The arguments contained in this analysis originate from sources outside the Senate Fiscal Agency. The Senate Fiscal Agency neither supports nor opposes legislation.)
The School Code requires that upon an offer of initial employment made by the board of a school district, local act school district, or ISD, or the governing body of a public school academy or nonpublic school to an individual for a teaching or administrative position or a position requiring State Board of Education approval, the district, academy, or nonpublic school must request from the State Police criminal records division a criminal history check on the individual and must have
received this report before employing the person as a regular employee. The Code also requires persons, who are to be employed as conditional employees, to sign statements identifying crimes of which they have been convicted and requires a subsequent criminal history check to be conducted. In addition, if a person who holds a valid teaching certificate or administrator s certificate is convicted of certain criminal sexual conduct offenses, child abuse offenses, various controlled substances offenses, and certain assault offenses, the State Board must notify the person that his or her teaching certificate could be suspended because of the conviction and of his or her right to a hearing before the State Board. The Code permits the State Board to suspend a person s teaching or administrator certificate based on the issues and evidence presented at a hearing. While the Code authorizes the State Board to revoke a certificate for a teacher or administrator who has been convicted of one of the specified crimes, there apparently is no mechanism in the Code for dealing with persons who have been accused, but not convicted, of certain inappropriate actions, such as child abuse. In these situations, some school districts have signed settlements that require an employee to resign but prohibit a district from revealing this information, which quickly removes the employee from the school setting and reduces the potential liability of both the employee and the district. The bill closes this loophole bypreventing teachers and administrators, as well as other school personnel, accused of unprofessional conduct from concealing this information about their employment history with a school district.
Many school officials contend that firing teachers and administrators accused of various offenses is time-consuming and expensive, and it is difficult to prove the allegations. Consequently, some school districts have entered into settlements that result in these employees terminating employment instead of proceeding through a dismissal process. Unfortunately, these agreements usually prohibit a school district from releasing information about the person s misconduct to prospective employers, including other school districts. This practice, commonly referred to in education circles as passing the trash , has resulted in suspected child abusers quietly leaving one school district and seeking employment in another, where school personnel officials are unable to determine if the person was accused of sexual misconduct in another school district in Michigan or other states. Under the bill, school districts, academies, and
nonpublic schools must request job applicants to sign statements authorizing the disclosure of unprofessional conduct and are prohibited from hiring a person who refuses to sign the disclosure statement. In addition, the bill specifies that employers who act in good faith in disclosing this information are immune from civil liability. This protection from liability, according to the bill s proponents, should serve as an incentive to school districts (including out-of-State districts, which are not subject to the bill s disclosure requirement) that are requested to send employment records to another district. If a district does not comply with the request, it potentially could be held liable if a child subsequently were harmed by the former employee. Consequently, the bill will help to protect children by keeping out of schools educators and other school employees who have records of unprofessional conduct while employed in school districts across Michigan or in other states.
A March 26, 1996, ruling by the Michigan Court of Appeals bolsters the concept inherent in the bill that information in the personnel files of teachers and administrators should subject to public scrutiny. In two consolidated cases involving Freedom of Information Act requests, the Court ruled that neither the Michigan Constitution nor common law requires these files to be kept secret, and that teachers and administrators have no right of privacy protecting files from disclosure (Lansing Association of School Administrators v Lansing School District Board of Education, et al., and Bradley v Board of Education of the Saranac Community Schools, et al., Docket Nos. 163316 and 168371).
Some school districts have signed secret pacts with school personnel accused of sexual misconduct in order to remove the person from a school setting as quickly as possible and to avoid protracted and expensive removal procedures. One likely effect of the bill will be more lengthy and costly litigation for school districts that want to terminate these employees. In addition, the bill requires the disclosure of a school employee s unprofessional conduct, including acts of misconduct, immorality, moral turpitude, or other inappropriate behavior, or commission of a crime involving a minor. The bill, however, does not specify what actions constitute misconduct , immorality , moral turpitude , or inappropriate behavior . Given these circumstances, there is concern that a teacher s or administrator s
personnel file might include information falsely accusing the employee of unprofessional conduct. Thus, the bill provides no protections for school employees who may have been accused falsely or whose behavior is being judged erroneously. Under the House-passed version, at least, unprofessional conduct referred to an action that constituted a threat to the health or safety of another and resulted in separation from employment.
Response: It is not certain if the bill will lead to more litigation. By prohibiting secret settlements, however, the bill gives an employee who is accused of unprofessional conduct only two options: sue or resign. The bill s supporters believe that many individuals previously sought a settlement merely because they were available and as a means of hiding the accusations contained in the employment records. Precluding the option of settlement might compel these persons to resign instead of going to court in a case they could very well lose. In addition, the bill s proponents point out that its definition of unprofessional conduct is based on terms that have application in case law.
Legislative Analyst: L. Arasim
The bill will have no fiscal impact on State government. A public or nonpublic school, public school academy, or intermediate school district might incur additional administrative or legal expenses in complying with the bill.
Fiscal Analyst: E. Pratt
H9596\S5060EA
This analysis was prepared by nonpartisan Senate staff for use by the Senate in its deliberations and does not constitute an official statement of legislative intent.